These findings also highlight the potential involvement and functional mechanisms of other (epigenetic) hereditary information carriers such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, RNAs, prions and organelles. These emerging studies have begun to resurrect the once disputed idea of the ‘inheritance of acquired traits’ (favored by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck see Box 1) and to erode the concept that DNA sequence is the sole hereditary information carrier. diet-induced metabolic disorders, stress-induced behavioral changes ( Chen et al., 2016a Gapp et al., 2014 Gapp et al., 2018 Grandjean et al., 2015 Öst et al., 2014 Rechavi et al., 2014 Sharma et al., 2016 Zhang et al., 2018). in subsequent generations of offspring) epigenetic inheritance of acquired characteristics from environmental exposure, e.g. in immediate offspring) and transgenerational (i.e. yeast, plants, worms, flies and mammals), including the intergenerational (i.e. However, recent studies have shown non-DNA sequence-based inheritance of a variety of traits across multiple species (e.g. DNA sequences have long been believed to be the building blocks of hereditary information and are sufficient to allow evolution through the introduction of mutations. An ideal hereditary system is expected to be stable enough to maintain a species while being tolerant of information input and/or modification, thus enabling natural selection and evolution. The ability to reproduce and pass on heritable information to offspring is a prerequisite of life.
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